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Subject: 3.11 What is OSF-DCE?
DCE is the Distributed Computing Environment, from the Open Software Foundation. (It is called "the DCE" by sticklers for grammatical consistency.
DCE consists of multiple components like Remote Procedure Call( RPC),the cell and global directory services(CDS and GDS),the security service,DCE threads,Distributed Time Service(DTS) and Distributed File Service(DFS) which have been integrated to work closely together.DCE is called "middleware" or "enabling technology." It is not intended to exist alone, but instead should be integrated or bundled into a vendor's operating system offering.
Subject: 3.12 What are Distributed Object Management Systems (DOMS)?
DOMS provide a way of pulling diverse components together and managing their communications. They are aimed at addressing the following: |
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A single interface to manage the complexities of a heterogeneous environment |
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A uniform framework, based on standards and extensibility, to build, integrate , and deploy open distributed-computing applications |
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A method for creating location independence for client applications. |
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Subject: 3.13 What is CORBA?
CORBA stands for the Common Object Request Broker Architecture. It is a set of standard mechanisms for naming, locating, and defining objects in a distributed computing environment.
Subject: 3.14 What is DAE?
Distributed Application Environment is designed to allow businesses to use IBM's RISC System/6000 and PS/2 computers in a client/server network (or standalone) for their business applications. DAE consists
(1) MESSAGING services;
(2) DATABASE services ;
(3) PRESENTATION services;
(4) DEVICE services to capture data and to control a broad category of controllers, devices, equipment and sensors.
Subject: 4.1 Business-Focused Client/Server Architecture When analysing a business there are three views of the organisation:
A functional model, which reflects organisational responsibilities and the way in which the people who use the system view their work.
A process model, which details the business functions of the organisation (eg accept orders, make goods, deliver goods, bill customers, receive money). The functional structure and process model rarely, if ever, agree. - An information model, which details the information that the organisation needs to function.
Subject: 4.2. Client/Server Business Application Architectures
Traditional applications architectures should reflect the complete range of business requirements have been based on function. Therefore, client/server computing demands a three layer view of the organisation. 1 The user interface layer, which implements the functional model 2 The business function layer, which implements the process model 3 The data layer, which implements the information model This application architecture does not demand multiple hardware platforms, although such technology can be utilised
Subject: 4.3 Business Drivers
Client/server computing has arisen because of a change in business needs. Businesses today need integrated,flexible, responsive and comprehensive applications to support the complete range of business processes.Problems with existing systems include:
applications were developed to model vertical applications - applications were built in isolation
applications were implemented as monolithic systems
applications were complex
the supporting technology was based on a centralised control model Information technology, which is an enabling factor in systems building, has almost reached the stage where these systems can be designed and created. The development and implementation of client/server computing is more complex,more difficult and more expensive than traditional, single process applications. The only answer to the question "why build client/server applications?" is "because the business demands the increased benefits.
Subject: 4.4 Business Benefits
There is a perceived need for vendor independence including application development methodologies,programming paradigms, products and architectures.
Organisation have changed from steep hierarchies to flattened hierarchies
Network management is replacing vertical management
There is a change to team based management
The customer should have a single point of contact for all business with the organisation
The customer should deal with the same person over multiple contacts
The user will perform as much processing as possible during customer contact time
The time required to complete the work will be minimised
There is a need for empowerment of staff and audit trail of actions
Multi-skilled and multi-function teams need access to multiple applications
Subject: 4.5 What does business expect from IT?
New applications should be aligned with both the user's view and the business process view. Existing functionally aligned systems are not appropriate
Applications need to provide a consistent user interface
Application complexity needs to be hidden
The user interaction must be flexible
Consistent information across all applications
A variety of user interface styles to reflect the needs of the work
Users should be able to modify business rules without reference to IT staff
IT systems will support all activity performed by the user, not just a part
An ability to evolve IT systems to reflect changing business requirements
It is essential that there be integrity of transactional processes
Subject: 4.6 What is Business Process Reengineering?
Reengineering is the organizational process required to align people, processes and technology with strategies to achieve business integration. It can also be thought of as taking a business in its current state and forming an organizational and operational blueprint to redirect skills, policies, information (data), cultural values, organizational structures, processing and incentives towards targeted improvements. |
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